Women s Rights Of Women - 1094 Words

Throughout history, women have been considered inferior in many cultures. It was passed down from generation to generation as mothers taught their daughters to be submissive. In ancient Greece, women has no say in the selection of their spouse. Women were considered to be objects given by their father to the groom of his choosing. The tradition of the father â€Å"giving away† the daughter continues even to this day. The male is considered the head of the family. In Asian culture, it is still common for girls to be trained from a young age to be polite, refined and obedient. The examples throughout history are numerous and the same was true for the women in America. Although there are more women than men in the United States, they have been subjected to many of the same inequalities as a minority group. They have fought to overcome social, economic and political barriers. In the early 1800’s women were considered second class citizens. They were expected to care for the home and family. Women were not encouraged to obtain a formal education nor pursue a career. They could not own property after they were married and were prohibited from voting. Women realized that they were just as capable as males and were not content with their lesser status in society. This female empowerment became known as â€Å"women’s suffrage.† It is considered one of the most important American political movements in the 20th century. Suffrage was the movement to gain the rights of equal work, votes andShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesa myriad of women have expressed through outlets such as public assemblies, literature, and speeches. There have been three waves of the women’s movement, each targeting a variety of issues within each era. The third wave was in 1995, where Hillary Clinton spoke in Beijing, Chin a, claiming that women’s rights were the same as human rights, that every aspiring girl deserved the civil liberties that every man was given around the world. Moreover, the movement had shifted towards women in developingRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1265 Words   |  6 Pagesstands in the way of women being equal to men? Journalist Carlin Flora suggests the following, â€Å"While not all claims to humanity are universal and no one context, culture or continent can truly represent all peoples, the following three examples from very different contexts, cultures and continents show that some violations of women’s human rights are universal. In particular, it is still the case the world over that a woman’s reproductive rights, which impact on her right to life, are still seenRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women881 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty –first century ladies are discovering it a daunting task to keep up both sexual orientation parts as an aftereffect of the women s activist development. They are presently assuming liability for both the supplier and the nurturer, battling like never before to acquire and keep a superior personal satisfaction. Woman s rights has supported in equivalent vocation opportunity, battling to get ladies acknowledged into the employment advertise, and what initially began as ladies strengtheningRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesthe early 1920’s, women thought they had achieved the unachievable. They could finally work, keep their earned wages, marry whomever they please, and even vote. After reaching their goal and fighting vigorously, women could taste equality and the freedom they deserved. While women still have the right to work in today’s society, women are not exactly treated equal in the workplace. Regardless of the past and the extreme measures taken to ensure equal opportunities for both men and women, there are manyRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women15 90 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1920s, women were ignored in every aspect of their life. From politics, to social situations, women were constantly looked at as lesser. The 20s was a decade of women ready to fight for their rights. From gaining social freedoms, to getting political rights, the 20s was the first decade of feminism. Many women played key roles in the fight for women s rights through speeches, marches, and much more. The women that fought for their rights in the 1920s completely changed how women live their livesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1230 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s suffrage has stretched from the 1800’s to present day, as women have struggled to have the same civil and constitutional rights as men in politics and be appreciated as equals in the workforce. Groups of women known as suffragists questioned the customary views of women’s roles. Eventually our nation has evolved and realized that male-controlled societies suppress womenâ€⠄¢s rights. From the beginning steps taken in 1850 to 2013 with women earning combat roles in the military, women’s rolesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1206 Words   |  5 Pagesto speak of women and the role of women in this election, the subject of women is tiresome but necessary in a world where gender is still existent as an obstacle for most. I cannot identify what woman is. I am basing my definition from our modern understanding of woman, our general view, and the popular experience. People are using younger women voting for Bernie Sanders as proof of gender’s irrelevant in this election, that women have achieved their rights. Even if women ‘have rights now’ it doesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1393 Words   |  6 Pages Women all over the world are being treated different than men. Iran is one of the places that women are being treated the worst. From restrictions to punishments, women in Iran are being treated with no respect, and that is not okay. Women’s rights activists have tried to get it to change, and have traveled to many places to try and get more people to join their movement. There are many issues with women not having the same rights as men. One of the main problems is that they are treated lessRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1272 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, women have fought a strenuous battle for equal rights. Many men, and even some women, all over the world believe that women do not share the same value and importance to society as men do. On September 5, 1995, Hillary Clinton spoke at the 4th World Conference on Women, on behalf of women all over the world. Clinton raised awareness on how women s rights are being violated and why it is important to recognize women s rights as equal to everyone else’s rights. Even today, in 2016Read MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe family has traditionally been the basic unit of Chinese society where women have long been charged with upholding society s values in their roles as wives and mothers. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, women were required to balance society s i deals with the reality of raising a family and maintaining a household. Throughout the imperial period and into the beginning of the twentieth century, the relationship among family members was prescribed by Confucian teachings. The revered philosopher

Psychology †Biological Explanation of Eating Disorders Free Essays

Psychology Essay The biological approach suggests that AN is due a physical cause, suggesting it could be due to something within the body or brain; such as hypothalamus dysfunction or an imbalance of neurotransmitters. The hypothalamus dysfunction theory would suggest that animals have a â€Å"set weight† which is correct for their body, if this weight should increase or decrease then the body should make adjustments to regulate food intake to their â€Å"set weight†. The hypothalamus is thought to have quite a lot of control over our eating behaviour, the lateral hypothalamus (LH) is considered to be the feeding switch that makes an individual begin to feed whereas the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is the satiety switch that makes an individual stop feeding. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology – Biological Explanation of Eating Disorders or any similar topic only for you Order Now Garfinkel and Gardner (1982) suggested that a disturbed hypothalamus may be the cause of AN, they proposed that any disturbance could lead to either the LH or VMH to be constantly activated. In order to explain AN it is most likely that when the LH is damaged and that the individual never receives a signal (feeling hungry) to begin feeding, if the VMH were damaged then the individual would receive a constant signal to eat so they would never stop feeding. This supports the idea that AN might have a biological explanation, specifically brain dysfunction. Anand and Brobeck conducted an experiment involving the rats, they found that if the LH was damaged it could lead to aphagia (this is a failure to eat when hungry), this provides support for the idea that damage to the hypothalamus can lead to reduced eating which is support for the biological approach of AN. However, there are some concerns with this as the test was conducted with the use of animals so it’s hard to generalise the findings to humans. This is because humans and animals are biologically different so it’s hard to know if humans would respond in the same way if their LH was damaged. Additional research has shown us that when the VMH in rats is stimulated that it stops feeding, which again supports the suggestion that possible over activation of the VMH could result in reduced feeding. This research would also support the biological explanation of AN as if an individual has damage to their hypothalamus then it could result in reduced feeding which would then result in dramatic weight loss, as seen in sufferers of AN. However, this theory is reductionist as it suggests that the only explanation of AN is a biological reason, and it ignores other factors; like things such as stress or sexual abuse which can both lead to AN. Another biological explanation of AN would be that there is an imbalance of serotonin, which is usually associated with depression and anxiety; as disturbed levels of serotonin have been found in AN sufferers. It is also likely that eating disorders arise due to high levels of anxiety which is linked with high levels of serotonin in the body. Bailer et al (1970) compared serotonin activity in recovering anorexia suffers and healthy controls. They found significantly higher activity in the women that were recovering from anorexia, the highest levels found in those women with the highest anxiety levels. This also provides support for AN having a biological cause, in this case an imbalance of neurotransmitters. However, it’s difficult to establish cause and effect in Bailer’s research, this is because the women studied were already recovering from an eating disorder and so it’s impossible to know whether the imbalance of serotonin was the cause of the women’s AN or whether the AN causes an imbalance of serotonin, so it’s hard to know whether or not there is a biological cause of AN with these findings. In addition to this the research is also gender biased, in this case it’s alpha biased as only women were used in this study but it’s generalising the study to men as well. Bailer’s research also raises the debate of determinism vs. ree will. The biological approach is deterministic so if an individual has an imbalance of serotonin they will then develop an eating disorder, however this is ignoring our free will as an individual that exercises regularly will over their eating; this is noted in individuals who suffer from anxiety but donà ¢â‚¬â„¢t develop AN. Finally there is the evolutionary approach which suggests that all our behaviours are adaptive, which means that the reason we do certain things is to help us survive in a certain way; according to this theory AN is a behaviour which helps them survive. The evolutionary approach focuses on our ancestors, when weight loss and eating disorders weren’t a consideration and any weight loss would be a lack of food rather than a desire for â€Å"thinness†. Usually when an individual begins to love weight physiological mechanisms activate in order to conserve energy and increase desires for food, however it would not have been adaptive for our ancestors to feel hunger as there may not have been much food available to them, so instead it would be adaptive to â€Å"switch off† the desire so that they could then find food; in order to help our survival. Therefore many characteristics of AN can be considered adaptive to enable our ancestors to move to areas where there was more food rather than being preoccupied by looking for food in their current location. However, this theory doesn’t explain the differences of AN between genders, as girls are more affected by AN than boys; so if the behaviour was adapted then both men and women would be equally effected by this as both genders would have had to search for more food in other areas. An alternative approach to explaining how AN would come from the behaviour approach, which suggests AN is the result of learning rather than a biological explanation. This approach suggests that individuals suffer from AN because of reinforcement, so they have witnessed slim people (who become their role models) being rewarded for their behaviour so they imitate their behaviour in expectation of the same reward. How to cite Psychology – Biological Explanation of Eating Disorders, Essay examples

Demand and Supply in the Australian Market-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Demand and Supply in the Australian Property Market. Answer: Introduction The First Street Home Loans founder and an awarded broker in Australia Jeremy Fisher (2017), published an article in Your Mortgage magazine titled: Strong Demand and Limited Supply Boosting Property Prices. In this article, Fisher refers to a Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA) report prepared by Michael Blythe, CBAs Chief Economist. This report notes that whereas there is a high demand for property in Australia, the supply of the same is low and this leads to price hikes. When referring to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) website, it is notable that residential property price index for all capital cities rose by an average of 2.2% in the first quarter of 2017. Fishers magazine article notes that according to the CBA report, the high property demand is attributed to a number of factors. Wade and Irvine (2017) take note that Australias housing market has recently attracted foreign investors, more so from China. First, it is argued that Australia is experiencing high population growth rates which then translate to an increased number of persons who need houses. These population increases are as a result of increased birth rates and increased immigration rates. Blythe argues that most immigrants are skilled and financially capable of purchasing properties which further increases the demand. Policy makers will benefit from the research results as they will gain insights of the best means to curb the problem. Analysis Various other analysts take cognizance of the state of the current property price index in Australia. Delmendo (2016) notes according to the UBS Global Real Estate Bubble Index, Sydneys housing market is ranked to be among those in the bubble risk. This view is shared by the International Monetary Fund and The Economist who have noted that the Australian housing market risk exist because prices remain overvalued. The question arises therefore whether the bubble in the current Australian housing market will bust. Burnsidey, Eichenbaumz and Rebelox (2015) argue that whereas some booms in prices in the housing market are likely to bust, other do not and generally, it is difficult to find fundamentals to be used in predicting the likelihood of a bust occurring. The image of the graph below shows the percentage increases in the residential property price index for all eight capital cities of the states in the March quarter: Fig: Residential property price index (% change) Source: Abs.gov.au (2017) The graph shows that most of the Australian cities are experiencing a rapid hike in prices. The United States real estate bubble that caused a recession around 2008 was as a result of credit facilities that were made easily available which culminated into a boom and a subsequent bust. The low interest rates as noted by Fishers magazine article therefore brings to the fore the question whether the attendant high demand will cause a boom and a subsequent burst as has been cautioned by the IMF and UBS. Delmendo (2016) further acknowledges that the price surge is as a result of increased immigration, rapid population growth rates and increased foreign investors who purchase over 20% of property annually. Fletcher and Kunzel (2015) noted that some territories recently introduced taxes and adopted strict lending standards to diminish the foreign demand in the future, Australia was able to sail through the 2007-2009 recession due to its lending standards that were strict compared to those of the United States and by a stimulus package for first home owners in some states. Given the current house prices, most states in Australia are ranked as among the most unaffordable housing markets. The explanation for this is that urban consolidation has limited and in some instances prohibited the construction of new houses on the urban fringe. Recommendations In order to prevent and mitigate the effects of a boom-bust cycle, policy reforms must take into consideration the need to achieve low household debts. Policy reforms could be aimed at boosting nominal incomes, reducing interest rates and boosting growth. Further, policy reforms could be adopted to assist household to acquire assets which may be used to offset debts. An example is Netherlands which respectively introduced tax exemptions that facilitated financial support by parents paying their childrens mortgage debts and the United States which allowed early access to pension savings to finance mortgage debts. To avoid a housing crisis, the government should introduce incentives such as gradual reduction of tax on mortgage interests and minimizing rent controls to allow flexibility in lease contracts. Further, measures should be employed to minimize the debt-income ratios which will limit borrowers ability to take larger mortgages likely to strain their ability to pay. On the issue of access to affordable houses in Australia, a few policy recommendations have been fronted while other writers note that the politicians are all talk but no action in implementing policies to make housing affordable. Due to the expected future increase in foreign demand, it is justifiable to induce levies on foreign housing investment as is the case in NSW and Victoria to afford locals an opportunity to acquire homes in the market. Further, it is encouraged that the government should consider implementing a KPMG report that recommended scraping stamp duty and in its place adopting broad-based land tax which will reduce upfront costs and encourage productive land use. Conclusion By this moment, it is unnecessary to reiterate the features of a boom-bust cycle in the housing market. In the housing market, booms are accompanied by such factors as slack lending standards, low interest rates and increased demand. These lead to hikes in prices and increased mortgage debts. A bust happens when indebted households are unable to pay their mortgages and increase consumption which necessitates low house prices and consequently, investments in new houses tumble. In sum, it is noteworthy that the property/housing market is the backbone of the Australian economy and therefore, the federal and state governments main concern should be to avoid a bust. The CBA report attributes the high demand to low interest rates which make the property market an attractive investment option to not only the Australian residents but also to foreign investors. The IMF and UBS have taken note of the risky position of the Australian housing market as a result if the overpricing. One may argue that the supply of houses is not the issue but the demand is outweighing the current supply. For this reason, the policy reforms that will reduce the demand as recommended should be adopted and at the same time, measures should be taken to ensure the supply is not limited Bibliography Abs.gov.au. (2017).Residential Property Price Indexes: Eight Capital Cities, Mar 2017. [Online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/510D8915596EEFE9CA257F1B001B0107?Opendocument [Accessed 16 Aug. 2017]. Burnsidey, C., Eichenbaumz, M. and Rebelox, S. (2015).Understanding Booms and Busts in Housing Markets. [Pdf] Available at: https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/rebelo/htm/Booms-busts.pdf [Accessed 16 Aug. 2017]. Delmendo, L. (2016).Australias housing market weakens. [Online] Global Property Guide. Available at: https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Price-History [Accessed 16 Aug. 2017]. Fisher, J. (2017).Strong Demand and Limited Supply Boosting Property Prices. [Online] Your Mortgage. Available at: https://www.yourmortgage.com.au/article/strong-demand-and-limited-supply-boosting-property-prices-186699.aspx [Accessed 16 Aug. 2017]. Fletcher, K. and Kunzel, P. (2015).How to prevent housing bubble trouble. [Online] Sslcam.news.com.au. Available at: https://sslcam.news.com.au/cam/authorise?channel=pcurl=http%3a%2f%2fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2fbusiness%2fbusiness-spectator%2fhow-to-prevent-housing-bubble-trouble%2fnews-story%2f1d5a5292f855e2fd46a8d1cd19e9fdfa [Accessed 16 Aug. 2017]. Hartwich, O. (2017).13th Annual Demographia International Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey: 2017. [Online] Available at: https://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf [Accessed 16 Aug. 2017]. Phibbs, P. (2017).Housing policy is captive to property politics, so dont expect politicians to tackle affordability. [Online] The University of Sydney. Available at: https://sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2016/03/11/housing-policy-is-captive-to-property-politics--so-dont-expect-p.html [Accessed 16 Aug. 2017]. Wade, M. and Irvine, J. (2017).The good, the bad and stamp duty: how to solve Australia's housing crisis. [Online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/the-green-amber-and-red-of-housing-affordability-policies-20170414-gvl9ci.html [Acces

Quiz review free essay sample

Top of Form Although most slaves came to the colonies before 1776, the majority of other types of labor came to North America voluntarily. True False Question 2 10 / 10 points The middle Atlantic colonies were more popular than New England as destinations for immigrants before 1770 because of their more liberal religious attitudes and the availability of land. True False Question 3 10 / 10 points The legal transfer of chattels supports economic growth. True False Question 4 10 / 10 points Slaves were only used in Southern agriculture. True False Question 5 0 / 10 points At one time, people living in the U. S. were imprisoned or fined for not having legitimate work. True False Question 6 0 / 10 points Robert Higgs and Louis Stettler (1970) find evidence to suggest that colonial couples married at a younger age than those in Europe, thus explaining the relatively high birth rates in colonial America. True False Question 7 10 / 10 points The majority of blacks were shipped from West Africa, but some also came from Madagascar and Zanzibar. We will write a custom essay sample on Quiz review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page True False Question 8 10 / 10 points On the eve of the American Revolution, the majority of colonists were naturally born in the colonies rather than immigrants from elsewhere. True False Question 9 0 / 10 points Regional specialization did not emerge in the colonies due to the small size of the cities and towns. True False Question 10 10 / 10 points New England possessed a comparative advantage in producing cotton. Producers in this region produced cotton at the lowest possible opportunity cost in colonial America. True False Attempt Score: 70 / 100 70 % Overall Grade (highest attempt): 70 / 100 70 % Bottom of Form Close Top of Form The â€Å"Walker thesis,† that falling birth rates among native-born Americans was due to immigration, is reinforced by the view that immigrants were a direct capital transfer from Europe to America. True False Question 2 10 / 10 points In the case of Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842), the Massachusetts Court held that labor unions are not necessarily illegal. They may stop work and boycott products without committing unlawful acts. True False Question 3 10 / 10 points In the eighteenth century, the rise of manufacturing in New England helped the region attract more settlers than the other regions of the English colonies. True False Question 4 10 / 10 points Population growth in the early nineteenth century was slow due to the lack of immigration. True False Question 5 10 / 10 points The two main sources of U. S. population increase between Independence and the Civil War were natural increases in population and immigration. True False Question 6 10 / 10 points At the start of the Civil War, the population in the U. S. was about half that of the United Kingdom. True False Question 7 10 / 10 points In order to explain the relative sizes of families in urban versus rural environments, some economists viewed children as investment or durable consumptions goods, respectively. True False Question 8 10 / 10 points By the start of the Civil War, the value of woman’s labor was, on average, equal to that of an adult male due to technological advancements. True False Question 9 0 / 10 points Immigrants were valued as a vital source of labor and, consequently, they were greeted with open arms after the 1830s. True False Question 10 10 / 10 points Rural families were larger in size, on average, than urban families during the antebellum period. Some argue that the relatively high rate of return on a child born on a farm partly explains why. Children born on farms could be considered investments goods—â€Å"goods† used to produce something else. True False Attempt Score: 90 / 100 90 % Overall Grade (highest attempt): 90 / 100 90 % Bottom of Form Close Top of Form The early U. S. canals and railroads were built by private enterprise without the aid of governments. True False Question 2 10 / 10 points Most canals were economic failures. True False Question 3 10 / 10 points Railroad competition was the primary cause of canal failures. True False Question 4 10 / 10 points Productivity, or output per labor hour, rises as transportation costs fall. True False Question 5 10 / 10 points The Gallatin Plan (1808) was not passed because some individuals questioned its constitutionality. True False Question 6 10 / 10 points Internal improvements are important to a developing and growing economy. True False Question 7 10 / 10 points As the transportation system developed in the U. S. , urbanization occurred. True False Question 8 10 / 10 points Railroads attracted funds from foreign investors. True False Question 9 10 / 10 points Contrary to many researchers’ views, Hurst (1969) claims the government needed private investors to fund internal improvements. True False Question 10 10 / 10 points Commercialization, market growth and factories emerged in rural areas. True False Attempt Score: 100 / 100 100 % Overall Grade (highest attempt): 100 / 100 100 % Bottom of Form Close Top of Form Skilled labor commanded a higher wage than unskilled labor in both the U. S. and Europe between 1789 and 1860. However, skilled wages in the U. S. were higher, on average. A higher land to labor ratio in the U. S. can explain the higher wage rates of skilled workers in the U. S. True False Question 2 0 / 10 points Ames and Rosenberg (1963) argue that demand for manufactured goods in the U. S. tended to be utilitarian in nature rather than â€Å"high quality,† and this encouraged development of mass production methods. True False Question 3 0 / 10 points North’s (1955) theory of economic location is that of â€Å"balanced growth†Ã¢â‚¬â€many industries in each region must advance at about the same time in order for economic growth to occur. True False Question 4 10 / 10 points Early industrialization was characterized by labor-saving technology, and this caused U. S. wages to be lower in the manufacturing industry than would otherwise have been the case. True False Question 5 10 / 10 points American manufacturers rapidly dropped waterwheels when the steam engine was introduced. True False Question 6 10 / 10 points The U. S. lowered tariffs in the 1850s because of a budget surplus. True False Question 7 10 / 10 points Tariffs provide domestic producers with incentives to be inefficient and operate on the basis of comparative disadvantage. True False Question 8 10 / 10 points One of the main production advantages of the steam engine was the flexibility of its location. True False Question 9 10 / 10 points Hughes and Cain (2011) effectively argue that advancements in power technology helped open new opportunities for the strategic placement of cities and big factories. True False Question 10 0 / 10 points During the antebellum period, U. S. consumers increased their demand for mass-produced, standardized and simple goods. True False Attempt Score: 70 / 100 70 % Overall Grade (highest attempt): 70 / 100 70 % Bottom of Form Close Test 1 answers Attempt 1 Written: Feb 17, 2014 2:11 PM Feb 17, 2014 4:39 PM Submission View released: Jul 2, 2013 4:00 AM Question 1 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Although most slaves came to the colonies before 1776, the majority of other types of labor came to North America voluntarily. True False Question 2 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Indentured servants were white colonists who sold themselves into slavery when their farms in America failed. True False Question 3 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Mercantilism followed feudalism. Unlike feudalism, mercantilism did not support any form of a strong central government or system of nation states. True False Question 4 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Secure rights to land provided colonists with incentive to use the land productively, conserve it and invest in it. True False Question 5 0 / 2. 5 points Growth in real output per person occurred, on average, in colonial America. This growth translated into a great improvement in the quality of life for all citizens. True False Question 6 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Animal skins, livestock, tobacco, teeth and rocks have historically served as a medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value and method of deferred payment. True False Question 7 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Paper money helped colonists pay soldiers for services provided when specie was not available. This money was fiat money; it did not possess specie backing. True False Question 8 2. 5 / 2. 5 points By the end of the colonial period, the Middle Colonies’ population gained over New England but the Southern population continued to dominate. True False Question 9 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Of the 1790 colonist population, over 80 percent was of European origin while about 20 percent was of African origin. True False Question 10 2. 5 / 2. 5 points During the period in which the Navigation Acts guided colonial trade, international trade was safe and many countries fairly engaged in commercial trade. True False Question 11 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Southern plantation owners benefited from British policies on tobacco production in the United Kingdom. True False Question 12 0 / 2. 5 points English mercantilism recognized the law of comparative advantage, thus permitting individuals to specialize in producing those goods and services which they could produce at relatively low opportunity costs and trading those items for those which they could not. True False Question 13 2. 5 / 2. 5 points On the eve of the American Revolution, most colonials produced agricultural goods. The war boosted profits for many farmers. True False Question 14 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Thomas Jefferson supported the Land Ordinances of 1785 and 1787. True False Question 15 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Fifty-five delegates from seven states convened at the first Constitutional Convention (1787) to determine whether the central government of the new, independent country should modify its rules and regulations to permit more or less state sovereignty. True False Question 16 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Charles Beard (1935) argued that the economic self-interest of businessmen, merchants, manufacturers, bankers and investors led them to convene at the Constitutional Convention in the late 1770s. They believed that creating a new, or at least modified, system of laws would help them advance the projects in which they were interested at minimal cost. True False Question 17 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Thomas Jefferson strongly influenced the passing of the Land Ordinances of 1785 and 1787. A close study of those ordinances suggests that Jefferson believed in the importance of securing the private rights of individuals to buy, sell and derive income from their land. True False Question 18 2. 5 / 2. 5 points The Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) decision established that a state could incorporate competing franchises, effectively overturning the old idea that a corporate charter implied a grant of monopoly. True False Question 19 0 / 2. 5 points The right to grant charters to incorporated firms is reserved to the federal government, according to the Constitution. True False Question 20 2. 5 / 2. 5 points The fee simple form of land ownership in the United States was of English origin. True False Question 21 2. 5 / 2. 5 points The rights of state and local government to regulate, license and control businesses were taken away after the American Revolution. True False Question 22 2. 5 / 2. 5 points As an economy grows and develops, the police powers of the government with respect to controlling, regulating and inspecting businesses and their output become increasingly more costly to uphold and protect. True False Question 23 2. 5 / 2. 5 points The equal wealth and income distribution in the U. S. during its antebellum period can be clearly linked to its system of private property rights over land and minerals. True False Question 24 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Prior to the Civil War (1861–1865) American capitalism was free from government influence and controls. The government only served as the protector of private property rights and the provider of national defense. True False Question 25 2. 5 / 2. 5 points The evidence shows that the domestic and world markets for American cotton contributed to the spread of slavery into new lands. True False Question 26 2. 5 / 2. 5 points The steel plow and horse-drawn reaper increased labor productivity on all farms, small and large. True False Question 27 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Operation on the basis of comparative advantage led to the regional specialization of the use of slaves in the North. True False Question 28 0 / 2. 5 points By 1860, over one-half of all Southern farms utilized slave labor. True False Question 29 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Rising agricultural prices and opportunities to own land provided people with incentives to migrate to the trans-Appalachian states. True False Question 30 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Until 1860, the domestic and international demand for cotton provided motive to expand slavery. True False Question 31 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Fogel and Engerman (1974) argue that slavery was economically viable until 1860. True False Question 32 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Slaver owners were optimistic about the economic future of slavery on the eve of the Civil War. True False Question 33 2. 5 / 2. 5 points A fundamental criticism of Time on the Cross is that economics cannot be used to simply compare the welfare of the slaves to their free, white counterparts. True False Question 34 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Rational slave owners had economic incentive to adequately clothe, feed and care for their slaves. True False Question 35 0 / 2. 5 points Most surveyed economists support Fogel and Engerman’s (1974) position that plantation owners were largely rational and treated slaves in their best profit interest. True False Question 36 0 / 2. 5 points On the eve of the Civil War, cotton was the major crop in the Old South. True False Question 37 2. 5 / 2. 5 points The comparative advantage of the South was in small farms producing for the local market. plantation agriculture producing for export. manufacturing. shipbuilding and trades related to shipbuilding. Question 38 2. 5 / 2. 5 points What were the two main sources of population increases during the antebellum period? a significant increase in the number of indentured servants and slaves immigration and a natural increase in population government policies providing incentive to procreate and advanced pre-natal care longer life expectancies and high infant mortality rates Question 39 2. 5 / 2. 5 points Funding for canals came from which of the following sources? Private investments and tolls Taxes Borrowing on government credit All of the above Question 40 2. 5 / 2. 5 points For the period we are studying (1789–1860), the United States was a high tariff, protectionist nation. derived the vast majority of federal revenues from the tariff. was divided on the question of the tariff, with the South generally in opposition to it. was characterized by all of t

Qué hacer si turista recibe una infracción de tránsito

Quà © hacer si turista recibe una infraccià ³n de trnsito Los turistas en Estados Unidos pueden manejar durante su visita utilizando su carnet de manejar, aunque es recomendable que tambià ©n cuenten con la versià ³n internacional del mismo. Si durante su estancia en Estados Unidos los turistas son multados cuando manejan un vehà ­culo propio o rentado deben pagar la infraccià ³n o enfrentarse a las posibles consecuencias graves de falta de pago. Causas por las que se puede recibir un ticket de trnsito en EE.UU. Las infracciones de trnsito, conocidas tambià ©n como multas o tickets de trfico en algunos paà ­ses hispanohablantes pueden recibirse en Estados Unidos por razones muy diferentes  como, por ejemplo, excederse en el là ­mite de velocidad, no respetar las seà ±ales de trfico o aparcar en un lugar no autorizado. Cabe destacar que en Estados Unidos el reglamento de circulacià ³n es diferente de estado a estado, por lo que actos que en un lugar son legales en otros pueden dar lugar a una multa. Por esta razà ³n se recomienda informarse sobre las particularidades del cà ³digo de circulacià ³n del estado en el que se maneja. En todos los casos, si se recibe un ticket de trnsito, el folleto de multa contendr, al menos, dos datos muy importantes: Informacià ³n sobre cà ³mo y dà ³nde presentarse en Corte para contestar los cargos, si el chofer no acepta la multa.La cantidad a pagar, el plazo para efectuar el pago y cà ³mo se puede hacerlo: en persona, money order, tarjeta de crà ©dito o dà ©bito, etc. A diferencia de lo que ocurre con los residentes en el estado en el que han multado, los turistas extranjeros no tienen, en la mayorà ­a de los casos, la opcià ³n de tomar un curso a cambio de ver reducido el importe de la multa. Adems, si se acepta la multa y no se contesta, se va a tener que pagar la cantidad completa. Presentarse a Corte para contestar la infraccià ³n de trnsito Es una opcià ³n vlida. Pero hay que tener en cuenta: si se va a estar en Estados Unidos el dà ­a de la citacià ³nsi se tiene algo que decir para argumentar que la multa no es correctasi se quiere meter en estos problemas cuando se est de vacaciones El dilema de pagar o no pagar el ticket de trfico Muchos turistas piensan que nada les puede pasar si no pagan la infraccià ³n de trnsito. Pero antes de tomar esa opcià ³n conviene tener presentes los siguientes puntos: En primer lugar, si en el futuro se regresa al mismo condado en el que pusieron una multa que se dejà ³ sin pagar y tampoco se presentà ³ a Corte para contestarla, el turista puede ser arrestado. En segundo lugar, adems de tener problemas si se regresa al condado en el que se cometià ³ la infraccià ³n de trfico que no se quiere pagar, es posible que se tengan en otros condados e, incluso, en otros estados. Esto es asà ­ porque en Estados Unidos es relativamente comà ºn que los Departamentos de Vehà ­culos notifiquen al resto que ha habido un problema de trfico con un determinado turista. Uno de los condados que asà ­ lo hacen es, por ejemplo, Miami-Dade. Hay que tener en consideracià ³n que, dependiendo del tipo de infraccià ³n y del condado en el que se cometià ³, se puede emitir una orden de arresto. Y si esto sucede, el turista puede ser arrestado en un condado distinto al que cometià ³ la infraccià ³n. Por à ºltimo, y en tercer lugar, no pagar una multa de trfico puede tener consecuencias migratorias. Como carcter general hay que decir que la CBP –la autoridad a cargo de los pasos migratorios– no va a arrestar a ningà ºn turista que quiere ingresar de nuevo a EE.UU. porque tiene una multa de trnsito sin pagar. Sin embargo, existe una excepcià ³n a esa regla general y son los casos en los que se ha emitido una orden de arresto (warrant, en inglà ©s) originada en una multa. En estos casos la CBP puede ejecutarla y proceder a la detencià ³n del turista. Y aà ºn en los casos en los que no lo haga, sà ­ que puede decidir hacer una inspeccià ³n mucho ms exhaustiva en el paso migratorio. Como mà ­nimo, va a ser molesto. Y llevado a extremos puede dar lugar a que no le dejen entrar al paà ­s en base a algo que se encuentra en el sistema informtico. Adems, cabe destacar que los datos informticos de las Aduanas de EE.UU. cada vez son ms completos y distintas bases de datos de diferentes autoridades estn cada vez ms integradas. Como consecuencia de ello, la informacià ³n con la que cuenta el oficial migratorio de la CBP en los puntos de ingreso al paà ­s es cada vez ms completa. Cabe destacar que es recomendable seguir el consejo pà ºblico de la propia CBP en este punto. Sugiere fuertemente que se paguen las multas de trfico, especialmente las que tuvieron lugar cuando el auto estaba en marcha (moving violations). Es decir, es peor un ticket por exceso de velocidad que otro por aparcar incorrectamente. Finalmente, no olvidar que en la mayorà ­a de los casos el turista que comete una infraccià ³n est identificado, bien porque fue parado por un agente que le pidià ³ y verificà ³ sus datos o bien porque el auto es rentado y la agencia de alquiler tiene los datos que ligan al auto con una persona, su pasaporte, su licencia de manejar y su tarjeta de crà ©dito. Cà ³mo pagar los tickets de trnsito en EE.UU. No hay una regla à ºnica que aplique a todo el territorio de EE.UU. Por lo tanto, es obligatorio verificar en el folleto o en la pgina web de la autoridad que multà ³ la forma de pago. Si se decide pagar digitalmente tener en cuenta que es posible que la multa no aparezca en el sistema hasta 24-48 horas despuà ©s de haber tenido lugar el incidente. En muchas ocasiones es posible pagar por telà ©fono empleando una tarjeta de crà ©dito. Asegurarse de pagar dentro de plazo. Es comà ºn que se den 30 dà ­as para el pago, pero puede ser diferente. Finalmente, guardar copia de haber pagado o prueba digital del pago. 8 consejos sobre manejar en EE.UU. mientras se est como turista Para garantizar una visita sin sorpresas desagradables es conveniente seguir los siguientes consejos. En primer lugar, las reglas de trfico cambian de estado a estado. Se pueden consultar en la pgina web del Departamento de Vehà ­culos a Motor. Pueden ser incluso muy diferentes. En segundo lugar, en Estados Unidos son infracciones muy serias aquellas en las que el chofer est intoxicado (drogas o alcohol). Las reglas son muy estrictas. Todos los asuntos relacionados con drogas pueden tener, adems, consecuencias migratorias muy graves. En tercer lugar, si se maneja, no se habla con el celular ni se envà ­an mensajes de texto. Son tambià ©n infracciones graves. En cuarto lugar, es recomendable asegurarse de tener un buen seguro. En quinto lugar, en EE.UU. el seguro es para el chofer. No para el auto. Por lo que si varios miembros de una familia van a manejar, cada uno debe tener su seguro. En sexto lugar, no manejar el auto de un ciudadano o de un residente sin antes haber llamado a la aseguradora para incluirse en el seguro. En sà ©ptimo lugar, si se ingresa a Estados Unidos un auto  con placas mexicanas asegurarse de cumplir con todas las leyes americanas, especialmente si se viaja a lugares alejados de la frontera. Finalmente y en octavo lugar, es aconsejable contar con un permiso de manejar internacional, pero no es obligatorio. En todo caso, no sustituye al original del conductor, que sà ­ es obligatorio. Se recomienda llevar los dos ya que el internacional incluye informacià ³n en inglà ©s. Puntos clave: turistas en EE.UU. y tickets de trnsito En Estados Unidos, las reglas de trfico son diferentes de estado a estado. Deben respetarse las del estado en la que se est manejando.Si se recibe una multa de trfico, à ©sta se puede contestar a pagar.Se puede pagar el ticket de trfico de diferentes formas, segà ºn indica el papel de la multa. Como regla general se admite pago en persona, money order o tarjeta de crà ©dito o dà ©bito. Las reglas dependen del lugar en el que se emitià ³ la multa.Si no se paga una multa, el condado puede emitir una orden de arresto. Algunos condados notifican la orden de arresto a otros condados, incluso en otros estados. Si se emite una orden de arresto puede haber problemas en el paso migratorio la prà ³xima vez que se desea ingresar a EE.UU.Las multas por acciones cuando el auto est en marcha son ms graves. Es decir, es peor una multa por exceso de velocidad que otra por parquear mal.Si alcohol o drogas son parte de la multa, es conveniente aconsejarse con un abogado migratorio. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The Earth Has 3 Trillion Trees

The Earth Has 3 Trillion Trees The calculations are in and a recent study has revealed some rather shocking results regarding the number of trees on the planet. According to researchers at Yale University, there are 3 trillion trees on Earth at any given moment. Thats 3,000,000,000,000. Whew! Its 7.5 times more trees than previously thought! And that adds up to roughly 422 trees for every person on the planet. Pretty good, right? Unfortunately, researchers also estimate that it is only half the number of trees that were on the planet before humans came along. So just how did they come up with those numbers? A team of international researchers from 15 countries used  satellite imagery, tree surveys, and supercomputer technologies to map tree populations around the world - down the square kilometer. The results are the most comprehensive count of the worlds trees that has ever been undertaken. You can check out all of the data over at the journal Nature. The study was inspired by the global youth organization Plant for the Planet- a group that aims to plant trees around the world to reduce the effects of climate change. They asked researchers at Yale for the estimated global population of trees. At the time, researchers thought there were about 400 billion trees on the planet- thats 61 trees per person.   But researchers knew that this was just a ballpark guess as it used satellite imagery and forest area estimates but it did not incorporate any hard data from the ground.  Thomas Crowther, a postdoctoral fellow at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies and lead author of the study, put together a team that studied tree populations using not only satellites but also  tree-density information through national forest inventories and tree counts that had been verified at the ground level. Through their inventories, researchers were also able to confirm that the largest forest areas in the world are in the tropics. Roughly 43 percent of the worlds trees can be found in this area. The locations with the highest densities of trees were  the sub-arctic regions of Russia, Scandinavia and North America. Researchers hope that this inventory- and the new data regarding the number of trees in the world- will result in improved information about the role and importance of the worlds trees- particularly when it comes to biodiversity and carbon storage. But they also think that it serves as a warning about the effects that human populations have already had on the worlds trees.  Deforestation, habitat loss, and poor forest-management practices result in the loss of over 15 billion trees each year, according to the study. This affects not only the number of trees on the planet, but also the diversity. The study noted that tree density and diversity drops drastically as the number of humans on the planet increases. Natural factors such as drought, flooding, and insect infestations also play a role in the loss of forest density and diversity. Weve nearly halved the number of trees on the planet, and weve seen the impacts on climate and human health as a result, Crowther said in a statement released by Yale. This study highlights how much more effort is needed if we are to restore healthy forests worldwide. Source Ehrenberg, Rachel. Global count reaches 3 trillion trees. Nature, September 2, 2015.

Restorative Justice and Young People. A professionals view Dissertation

Restorative Justice and Young People. A professionals view - Dissertation Example With the exclusion of any of these assumed notions or procedures, a RJ process may be potentially weakened, and its basic ideals in tension. Often in a RJ there may be a lack of rectitude or proportionality in the achieved results, however it must be borne in mind that the processes through which justice is achieved (RJ or otherwise) is often replete with incomplete endeavours. This is primarily owing to the theory that though justice cannot be achieved, one must strive tirelessly to achieve it. RJ is a process, in which from some perspectives justice cannot be achieved, yet it is worth striving for, to enable a better social output from the criminals. 1 Introduction 1.1 Background study The traditional mode a practiced in the criminal justice system is based on retributive justice, which is founded on the â€Å"system of institutionalized vengeance† (Price, 2001, par. 1). ... The prosecutor represents the State, and not the victims who are seen as mere witnesses in the case. Thus, we find that the present criminal justice procedures are primarily offender-centric, and focus on guilt, sentencing prison terms (punishment), and protecting the offender’s rights. Thus, incarceration (or the threat of incarceration) is major process and achieving justice in the traditional method and appears as a deterrent, though empirical results have shown its failure in proving itself as an effective long-term deterrent effect (ibid). In the traditional justice system, it is assumed that to punish the criminals in a manner (through incarceration) that would disallow them going back into the normal society, which is a rare exception, as most criminals are released and allowed to re-enter the society. As they re-enter the other members of the society become dependent on them for not causing any further damages within the community. High percentages of reconviction of t he released criminals, thus, show that the traditional criminal justice system is lacking in some form (Sherman and Strang, 2007). The theory that harsher punishment helps to deter crime rates by creating an aura of fear, has been proven to be false for many criminals, for time and over (Sherman, 1993), thus, making it necessary for the governmental agencies and the experts to look for alternatives approaches, the most popular of which is restorative justice. Restorative justice  often referred to as "reparative justice" (Weitekamp, 1993) is a modern method within the criminal  justice  system that tends to address the needs of the concerned parties, the victims (or the victims’ families) and the offenders. In this

Why it is important for you to develop the philosophical mindset Essay

Why it is important for you to develop the philosophical mindset - Essay Example This is because those with the philosophical mindset not only evaluate claims, but arguments given to support claims. In this sense, philosophy has practical value for our everyday life. Many perceive philosophy as only having direct application within the university, where students contemplate the thoughts of long-dead intellectuals. But given the necessity of critical thinking and rational skepticism in all areas of life, including business, science, and politics, it seems philosophy is directly applicable to almost any kind of situation. Developing a philosophical mindset, however, is not limited to simply studying and doing well in philosophy courses. Rather, it is a matter of cultivating a general approach to life. Necessary to this general approach to life is having reasons (or empirical evidence) to support one’s knowledge and beliefs. To hold basic assumptions or opinions without evidence or without thought is the easiest way to base a life on

Image of Nurses in the Media Essay Example for Free

Image of Nurses in the Media Essay The image of nursing as portrayed by the media swings like a pendulum in between negative and positive attributes. However, most times, the portrayal is more on the negative side. Most nurses will readily agree to the fact that the way the media paints the profession is way beyond what they believe in or practice. Indeed, it falls short of fair and truthful image. In as much as all other media- newspaper, TV ,Radio, Internet services e.t.c are to an extent guilty of this same negative depiction of nurses, Hollywood paints the worst pictures and theirs greatly mold the public opinion and view of nursing as pictures don’t need million words to be captivating! These stereotypes about nursing are largely planted and nurtured by Hollywood shows and spread throughout the world. As far back as 1932, Hollywood in its film â€Å"A farewell to Arms† depicted nursing as having no security and autonomy. The chief nurse in the film was shown as being weak, helpless and reluctant to fight for a nurse who was dismissed because a surgeon believed that she was a distraction to his ambulance driver. In other words, physicians dictate what happens in nursing. With that coward perspective, many nurses entered into the profession answering ‘yes doctor’ to all orders without any question. Nurses are then at the receiving end of Doctors’ and patients’ bullying. In more recent times, nursing is still depicted as being reserved for those who are not able to make it to college or medical schools. This is seen in the movies like House, Gracie, Grey’ anatomy, Akeelah the bee and others. Nurses were either seen idling, rattling, bemoaning their fate or submissively stupid leaving the physicians with all the decisions and care of their patients. Also in ‘Akeelah and the Bee’ (2006), nurses were portrayed as those needing attitudinal changes. Tanya in the film is a nurse but seen very angry all the time, not encouraging her daughter and smoking in a house that harbors kids. The message sent across is either that nurses don’t practice wha t they preach or they are so dumb to know the medical implications of such behaviors. Moreover, it was also said that Tanya settled to be a nurse after dropping out of college. Implicitly, one does not need a college education to be a nurse. Such deduction was seen in the film ‘Blue Valentine 2008’. In another film ‘Million Dollar Baby’, nurses were pointed out as ‘amateurs’ who sole rely on physicians orders in maintaining health and that was aptly shown when Maggie in the film bit her tongue and the nurse’s only solution was sedation mocking what nursing really entails-prevention, promotion of health, advocacy, support and others. Same cluelessness of nurses was projected in ‘Brooke Ellison Story (2004) and equally showing nurses as negligent, ill-mannered and not been empathetic. Nurses are also seen in Hollywood as insignificant in healthcare. In the film, Sicko (2007) and Living in Emergency, no recognition was given to the nurses who fought with the physicians to save the lives they were applauding for. However, some Hollywood works e.g HawthoRNe, Rookies, Angels in America, Nurse Jackie were able to project nurses as brave advocates, empathetic, intelligent, skillful and not prostituting. To change the mindset of the public and erase the implanted stereotype about nursing, nurses first need to see the job as a profession and then struggle relentlessly to be intelligent and reliable professionals. Then, nurses need to be stronger and louder in speaking back to the media in general. Messages of what nursing is should be sent across through televisions, radios, newspapers, billboards, internet services ,CDs, DVDs, Magazines, Schools and other available means. Letters need to be written to Tv program stating our ideas and counteracting any false notion against us. Nurses in notable positions should persistently speak up and defend the profession, redeem its image and make it more attractive. More public approval and acceptance can advance nursing, help in the looming shortage of nurses and as such help the care system in the long run. References Laura A. Stokowski (2010) : A letter to Hollywood. Nurses are not Handmaiden. Medscape. Sandy and Harry Summers (2010): Saving lives: Why the media portraya of nurses puts us al at risk. Retrieved from http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practce/clinical-zones/educators/the-image-of-nursing1/21/2013

Analysis of Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw Essay -- Plays Geo

Analysis of Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw "Arms and the Man" starts with gunfire on a dark street in a small town. The romantic and willful Raina is about to begin her true-life adventure by sheltering the handsome fugitive Bluntschli, enemy of her equally handsome fiancà © Sergius The setting of the play is in war-torn Bulgaria, and focuses not only on the romance between the young people of the play, but the atrocities that go on during war times and the ability of people not so very far removed from these atrocities to ignore them completely. Shaw's purpose in this play is to attack the romantic notion of war by presenting a more realistic depiction of war, devoid of the idea that such death and destruction are both noble and romantic. These deconstructions make "Arms and the Man" a satirical comedy about those who would glorify the horrors or war. Shaw develops a perfectly ironic contrast between the two central male characters form the beginning to the end. At the start of the play we are given an account of Major Sergius Saranoff’s, a handsome young Bulgarian officer, victory in a daring cavalry raid, which turned the war in favor of the Bulgarians over the Serbs. In contrast, Captain Bluntschil, a professional soldier from Switzerland, acts like a coward. He climbs up to a balcony to escape capture, he threatens a woman with a gun, and he carries chocolates rather than cartridges because he claims the sweets are more useful on the batt...

Thought Provoker

Assignment 1. 2 Dialogue 1 — Thought-Provokers Survey Derrick Crank Jones International University Leading from a Global Perspective BC607 Dr. Michael Jazzar February 09 2013 Thought-Provokers Survey Part 2 Thought-Provoker # _15_ Gist: Some Christian just hypo-critics and don’t really follow what they learn and teach at their church. Your reaction (from above): _ I agree Explanation of your response: I think when you gather several people in a small area: gossips tend to spread, people become jealous, and competition tends to develop.I have been in several churches around the country and all believe in the some beliefs. People tend to think with the God’s power they are right with their beliefs even though they go to church and pray for their sins. If we look at our history, most wars and deaths are due to the church and Christianity beliefs. They particularly destroyed the American Indian cultures and confine them to reservation and boarding schools in the late 1800s.Christianity burned witch at Salem, MA, because several people were thought to be witches. Christians don’t follow what they teach but use parts of what they learned to better themselves for their own needs. Thought-Provoker # __19___ Gist: That are some many religions and cultures around world and there is really no right answer. Your reaction (from above): Who really says that? Explanation of your response: I have been all over the world and I have come to the conclusion that there s no right religion. I believe all religions are equal. Each religion is set at its highest because people believe in their religion due to their demographics, family values, and how they were taught at a young age. Christianity belief is just one of the many religions around the world and continues to spread as the other religions have. Thought-Provoker # __21___ Gist: _Homeless have a reasons why they have chosen to be homeless. Your reaction (from above): What? Really? Explanation of yo ur response:I have worked from several homeless shelters and my conclusion is that they are not lazy. They are the hardest workers I know but they have a mental illness that clouds their judgments. Most of the homeless have mental illnesses due to post trauma stress, depression, bipolar, and schizophrenic tendencies. Some are veterans from past wars to child abused victims when they were growing up. Some homeless are unable to hold jobs because these mentally illnesses. They are not lazy but they are determined to survive on what they have.

Realism vs. Romanticism

Realism and romanticism have been writing styles that have been going on for centuries. Realism sprouted from romanticism around the late 1800s when people grew tired relating to the romanticisms â€Å"fairy tale† nature. People wanted a fake character going through many things they did on a daily basis. Edna and Hester represent each of these. Hester represents romanticism while Edna represents realism. Both of the characters are women in later times that go through the hardships close to their era. The Scarlet Letter is a romanticism novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hester is a young lady in the seventeenth century that is constantly surrounded by her sin of adultery. Throughout the novel, Hester becomes more of her own person as she cares for her daughter Pearl on the edge of the woods. The format of the novel is written in a romanticists way; formal and fitting for the setting. The writer also expresses splashes of color in the story to retain a positive outlook or effect as the novel goes on. Symbols in the novel are naturalistic, such as roses; the symbol of hope for change. Pearl is also a symbol; a symbol of transgression and Hester’s reason for living. The setting of the novel is slightly depressing, but grows into this mystical-like town as the novel goes on. Hester redeems herself for her sin, the letter â€Å"A† in her bosom’s meaning turns into â€Å"Able†. The story reveals more secret, though each one brings Hester closer and closer to closure on her sin. There is an antagonist as there usually always is for romanticism novel, though it is usually never the actual main character that is the true antagonist. Chillingworth bogs down on Dimmesdale, mentally tearing Dimmesdale apart to find out the father until helped by Hester. The Awakening is written by Kate Chopin. In the novel Edna is realistically trapped in her own world of self doubt and sense of unknowing. The novel is written in a modern setting, though the setting is much different. The explanation of the islands makes them seem bland and unlikeable. There is expressed color in the novel, but seems dulled out by the unhappiness of the ladies that inhabit the islands. There are many symbols, most of them consisting of the ocean; which represents freedom. Another, the parrot; is said to represent Edna; trapped. Edna is represented going through many ordinary circumstances of her time, being stressed with the concern to be the perfect house wife. Her life spirals downwards as she loses herself and eventually leaves her children in care of her mother. She is given time after time to redeem herself but only degrades herself by giving in to her own selfish human characteristics. Edna herself is the antagonist as she fights with her spiritual and physiological being for a better life, but eventually looses. Edna eventually gives up and swims as far out into the ocean, drowning herself; Thus, ending the novel. Both realism and romanticism reflect on life lessons and inspire many readers. This American literature is sure to be passed down from generation to look back and reflect on the possibilities in life. Both genres drastically changed the literature, and art movements.

20 Creative College Halloween Party Ideas

20 Creative College Halloween Party Ideas Gearing up for Halloween is one of the best parts of fall. If youve let the part planning slide a bit, dont worry. Weve rounded up twenty tips that will let you piece together the perfect party complete with decorations, costume ideas and even help with the nibbles. Set the Scene 1. Have a classic horror movie playing in the background. If youre going for a classic Halloween party vibe, choose a series of scary movies to have playing in the background. Running every installment of Friday the 13th or Nightmare on Elm Street is a great way to get people talking and provide the perfect backdrop for Halloween. Keep the volume low and limit it to one TV set – be sure you have music playing elsewhere. 2. A great play list is a work of art. Dont leave setting your music until the last minute. This isnt the time to throw your MP3 collection on shuffle and hope for the best. Comb through your collection and ask friends to chip in as well. Include every Halloween reference you can by including tunes from modern artists like Rob Zombie and the classic rock group the Zombies. 3. Set the table. If youre using one large table for food, cover the top with a black sheet and put striped socks on each leg. Finish the look with old shoes at the bottom of each leg – instant witchs table! 4. Get every room. Make sure every room guests will be in is decorated – including the bathroom. Rolls of crime scene tape, â€Å"bloody† hand prints made with dyed corn syrup and plastic bugs and snakes can all give a room an instantly creepy feel. Costume Themes 5. The Time Travelers – Everyone has to come dressed up as themselves from the last year in junior high. 6. 8-Bit Party – Have your guests dress as their favorite 8-bit character. Extra points for guests who can imitate their characters signature sounds like being able to talk in Q-Bert or beat their chest like Donkey Kong. 7. Still a Better Love Story than Twilight – Have guests come as any two-some they want. Meanwhile team up with a fellow party host (or hosts) to dress as the main characters from Twilight. 8. Rick Astley, LOLCatz and More Cowbell – Guests can dress as their favorite internet meme. 9. Saturday Morning Cartoons – Guests dress up as their favorite character from Saturday Morning cartoons, past or present. Offer special prizes for the oldest character. 10. Fast Forward – Pick your favorite reality show personality and then dress as them 30 years in the future. What will a 40 year old Honey Boo Boo look like? How about a 60 year old Snooki? Take a look at our blog on Halloween costume ideas if you need more ideas! Decorations 11. Hit the local thrift shops. Thrift stores may have some Halloween items, but youre really looking for creepy dolls, half broken toys and clothes that would make a zombie turn around and walk the other way. Remember – one mans trash is another mans nightmare. 12. Fill clear latex gloves with candy and tie the wrists with ribbon. Spread them around the party as handy candy for people to take away with them. 13. Get back in touch with your childhood cutting skills. Take a garbage bag, fold it into a triangle, then again. Cut away panels and then open it – instant (and huge) spider web. 14. Make a massive spider for your new web. Get a foam ball core or just crunch up tin foil. Use foil covered pipe cleaners for the legs. 15. Make glow in the dark balloons. Pick up plain white balloons from a dollar store and put a glow stick inside before you blow them up. Do them right before guests start to arrive so the sticks stay bright throughout the party. Food Ideas 16. Hands in the Punchbowl. Get two rubber gloves and wash the inside really well to get out any powder. Fill with water, freeze then pop out two perfect disembodied hands to keep your punchbowl chilly. 17. Recruit the help of chemistry students. Have your friends bring in beakers and flasks and serve drinks in them instead of glasses or cups. 18. Make Brain cupcakes. Get a frosting bag with a thin tip or just grab an empty ketchup or mustard squeeze bottle. Make cupcakes per normal but ice them with white frosting in thin lines to replicate the look of brains. 19. Fossil Cookies. Make sugar cookies per normal. Press plastic bugs into the top of each cookie, remove then freeze until set (about 30 minutes) Bake as usual and serve. 20. Bleeding Heart Cake. Fill a heart shaped cake tin with opaque pink Jello and let it set. Then fill a plastic bag with corn syrup and red food coloring, strawberry jam or blended berries. Set the bag in the middle of the set cake and fill the tin with another batch of solid pink Jello. Let the whole thing set overnight and then serve. Use a Psycho knife to cut and be sure to remove any bits of the plastic bag before serving it to your guests. Have you thrown an epic Halloween party? Share your own tips for a historic Halloween below. If you are too tired to throw a party on your own, you can visit one of scariest Halloween hapennings. Happy Halloween!

North American Birch Tree Identification

North American Birch Tree Identification Most everyone has some recognition of the birch tree, a tree with light-colored white, yellow, or grayish bark that often separates into thin papery plates and is characteristically marked with long horizontal  dark raised lines (also known as lenticils). But how can you identify birch trees and their leaves in order to tell different types apart? Characteristics of North American Birch Trees Birch species are generally small- or medium-sized trees or large shrubs, mostly found in northern temperate climates in Asia,  Europe, and North America.  The simple leaves may be toothed or pointed with serrated edges, and the fruit is a small samara- a small seed with papery wings. Many types of birch grow in clumps of two to four closely spaced separate trunks.   All North American birches have double-toothed leaves and are yellow and showy in the fall. Male catkins appear in late summer near the tips of small twigs or long shoots. The female cone-like catkins follow in the spring and bare small winged samaras drop from that mature structure. Birch trees are sometimes confused with beech and alder trees. Alders, from the family  Alnus, are very similar to the birch; the principal distinguishing feature is that alders have catkins that are woody and do not disintegrate in the way that birch catkins do. Birches also have bark that more readily layers into segments; alder bark is fairly smooth and uniform. The confusion with beech trees stems from the fact the beech also has light-colored bark and serrated leaves. But unlike the birch, beeches have smooth bark that often has a skin-like appearance and they tend to grow considerably taller than birches, with thicker trunks and branches.   In the native environment, birches are considered pioneer species, which means that they tend to colonize in open,  grassy areas, such as spaces cleared by forest fire or abandoned farms.  You will often find them in meadowy areas, including meadows where cleared farmland is in the process of reverting to woodlands.   Interestingly, the sweet sap of the birch can be reduced into syrup and was once used as birch beer. The tree is valuable to wildlife species that depend on the catkins and seeds for food, and the trees are an important timber for woodworking and cabinetry. Taxonomy All birches fall into the general plant family of  Betulaceae, which are closely related to the  Fagaceae  family, including beeches and oaks. The various birch species fall into the  Betula  genus, and there are several that are common North American trees in natural environments or used for landscape design purposes. Because in all beech species the leaves and catkins are similar and they all have very much the same foliage color, the main way to distinguish the species is by close examination of the bark.   4  Common Birch Species The four most common birch species in North America are described below.   Paper birch (Betula  papyrifera): Also known as canoe birch, silver birch, or white birch, this is the species more widely recognized as the iconic birch. In its native environment, it can be found in forest borders across the northern and central U.S. Its bark is dark when the tree is young, but quickly develops the characteristic bright white bark that peels so readily in thick layers that it was once used to make bark canoes. The species grows to about 60 feet tall but is relatively short-lived. It is susceptible to borer insects and is no longer used widely in landscape design due to its susceptibility to damage.  River birch (Betula nigra): Sometimes called black birch, this species has a much darker trunk than the paper birch, but still has the characteristic flaky surface. In its native environment, it is common to the eastern third of the U.S. Its trunk has a much rougher, coarser appearance than most of the other birches, and it is bigger than the paper birch, sometimes growing to 80 feet or more. It prefers moist soil, and although short-lived, it is relatively immune to most diseases. It is a common  choice in residential landscape design.   Yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis): This tree is native to forests of the northeast U.S. and is also known as the swamp birch due to the fact that it is often found in marshy areas. It is the largest of the birches, easily growing to 100 feet in height.  It has silvery-yellow bark that peels in very thin layers. Its bark does not have the thick layers seen in paper birches nor the very rough texture seen in river birches.  Sweet birch (Betula lenta): This species, also known in some areas as the cherry birch, is native to the eastern U.S., especially the Appalachian region. Growing to 80 feet, its bark is dark in color, but unlike the dark river birch, the skin is relatively tight and smooth, with deep vertical scores. From a distance, the impression is of a smooth, silver bark marked by irregular vertical black lines.

Is there an 'ideal' approach to restaurant design and what Essay

Is there an 'ideal' approach to restaurant design and what elements create an emotional attachment to the consumer - Essay Example motional, intellectual or spiritual manner, meaning that people have varying experiences, since experience is a personal internal reaction to the events in the surrounding. Among the modern businesses that have adopted the interior design and customer emotional connection approach are restaurants, which consider this more of business strategy as ideal in improving the customer experience and loyalty. This paper seeks to analyze the interior design in restaurants and to discover how they create an emotional attachment with customers. It investigates the key design factors such as lighting, materials, forms and objects in order to have a deeper understanding as to why people have an emotional attachment to restaurants. It presents an analysis of different theories as proposed by different authors, and compares each of such theories with the other. The analysis details are then used in the determination of the ideal approach to design in restaurants and what elements create an emotional attachment to the consumer. Customers visit restaurants in order to enjoy the food, as well as to have the experiences in business negotiations, communication, together with other ranges of social activities. Therefore, the restaurants offer integrated functions expected of a living room, dining room, courtyard, meeting room, or the playground, and this enhances place attachment for the customers. Place attachment is viewed as â€Å"a positive emotional attachment to a place indicated by individuals through excitement, belonging, satisfaction and dependency they have towards it† ( Maharani, p. 183). In this case, the customer must have a satisfactory experience of all the senses, including the smell, hearing, sight, as well as haptic. In the interior design practices, sight is seen to have a dominant role in the desired customer experience. Therefore, designs give much attention to material, color, illumination, and formation. On the other hand, other senses that include hearing,

An Exercise in Market Orientation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

An Exercise in Market Orientation - Essay Example Thru the evolution of time, the rudiments became to be more complex as taxes, trade caravans and other forms of business negotiations began to take shape. It does not necessarily follow that our business concepts today are different from past practices. Indeed, some of the elements of modern business and marketing practices that we know of today were actually practiced as early as the time of the Ancient Greeks, the Phoenicians and the Venetian traders. The marketing concept now commonly dubbed as the market orientation finds its first proponent in Adam Smith when he forwarded the notion that the customer should be the focus of the business in the 1700's. However, it was only in the 1960s when the marketing concept was reintroduced. Nevertheless, from a short span of time, it has become the philosophical foundation for marketing academics and practitioners alike. As we have said earlier, the term 'market orientation' was originally known as 'marketing concept'. There were many who advocated customer satisfaction as the primary objective of business (Drucker 1954, Keith 1960, Levitt 1960). However, the doctrine has been more of an article of faith than a practical basis for managing a business (Day 1994). Thru the works of Kohli and Jaworski (1990), the term 'marketing concept' was differentiated from 'market orientation' with the former being a business philosophy whereas the later refers to the actual implementation of the marketing concept. 1.3 Other Business Orientations There are other business orientations aside from marketing orientation. These are Sales orientation and Production orientation. Market orientation, however, was tagged as superior among the group. In this paper, we proceed to define what Market Orientation is (i.e. its structures, focus, processes) and compare it to the other business orientations. 2. Comparing Business Orientations 2.1 Definition and Focus A marketing oriented firm is one where strategic decisions are driven by the wants and needs of the customers. We can only speculate that it is the driving logic behind the formulation of the saying that "the customer is always right". All aspects of the firm are designed to systematically respond and create customer value. Later on in this paper, we will be discussing a market oriented company. (Narver and Slater, 1990) The concept of marketing orientation was reintroduced and developed in the late 1960s by scholars of the Harvard University with the participation of a number of companies. (Tutor2u.Net, 2006) A marketing oriented firm has the following characteristics: Extensive use of marketing research Broad product lines Emphasis on a product's benefits to customers rather than on product attributes Use of product innovation techniques The offering of ancillary services like credit availability, delivery, installation, and warranty A production oriented firm is concerned primarily with production, manufacturing, and efficiency issues and was eminent during the 1950's period. The basic notion behind this concept is best expressed by French economist Jean-Baptiste Says who forwarded the notion that 'supply creates its own demand'. Simply put, the concept revolves around the notion that if a product is made, somebody will

The Vietnam Wars Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Vietnam Wars - Research Paper Example The president used the constitutional powers in the office to order the deployment of US ground troops to the region in the end of the first quarter of 1965. The action, notwithstanding, President Johnson's objective for his country’s participation in Vietnam was not driven by the quest to win the battle, but for the military to stabilize South Vietnam's forces and government control of security situation in the region. Butterfield suggests that the ability of the Viet Cong "to build up their effort was consistently underrated" by the United States2. In light of this, President Johnson ordered what would turn out to be unpopular among Americans, when the country found itself mired in a deadlock with the warring factions of Vietnam. Although, the country participated in aerial bombings of the enemy North, President Johnson was of the opinion that the bombardment be restricted to defending South Vietnam. By restricting the battlefields, the American troops would not carry out a significant ground invasion of the North to eliminate the communist icons and structures nor would they seriously destabilize the Ho Chi Minh Trail or the major infrastructure used by his government. Impact of the 1965 American intervention in Vietnam The eight years of America's participation in Vietnam witnessed its military campaign fluctuate from enormous escalation of firepower to slow withdrawal. The American approach to the war, also evolved in its implementation, from a general â€Å"Search and Destroy† mission, which was intended to wear the enemy, to complete "Clear and Hold" strategies. The end result was based on pacification initiatives. Whereas, critics continue to argue that America’s poor performance in Vietnam was bound to happen, owing to the then prevailing political, social, and military issues, others are of the opinion that America’s involvement should not be regarded as such: that the â€Å"winning strategy† of the US military was t o decisively prolong the conflict in order to wear down the North Vietnamese military3. Nevertheless, the North Vietnamese strategy of implementing a complex program of insurgency and long-drawn guerilla war proved an elusive goal for the superior American military, hence its eventual defeat and de-escalation4. America’s attrition strategy The 1965 US intervention in Vietnam greatly impacted the conduct of the war. Unlike previously, when the country played a limited role of offering military advice to the South Vietnamese military, American forces took part in combat, complete with ground troops. From 1965 to 1968, the main strategy of the United States was taking control of the combat in South Vietnam from the local South Vietnamese Armed Forces (SVAF). The American ground forces based their successes on the "Search and Destroy" missions, while the Air Force carried out air raids under the Rolling Thunder bombing crusade. Although, General Westmoreland was confident these s trategies would wear down the Viet Cong forces and guerillas, political challenges driven by fear of attracting more states to the battlefield, such as China and or Soviet Union prompted the Johnson government to limit their combat to a strategic protection of South Vietnam. And whereas, Soviet played the role of a â€Å"diplomatic channel between Washington and Hanoi. . . Moscow always seemed unwilling to pile pressure on North Vietnam to give up its

Analysis of Attribution Selection Techniques

Analysis of Attribution Selection Techniques ABSTRACT: From a large amount of data, the significant knowledge is discovered by means of applying the techniques and those techniques in the knowledge management process is known as Data mining techniques. For a specific domain, a form of knowledge discovery called data mining is necessary for solving the problems. The classes of unknown data are detected by the technique called classification. Neural networks, rule based, decision trees, Bayesian are the some of the existing methods used for the classification. It is necessary to filter the irrelevant attributes before applying any mining techniques. Embedded, Wrapper and filter techniques are various feature selection techniques used for the filtering. In this paper, we have discussed the attribute selection techniques like Fuzzy Rough SubSets Evaluation and Information Gain Subset Evaluation for selecting the attributes from the large number of attributes and for search methods like BestFirst Search is used for fuzzy rough subset evaluati on and Ranker method is applied for the Information gain evaluation. The decision tree classification techniques like ID3 and J48 algorithm are used for the classification. From this paper, the above techniques are analysed by the Heart Disease Dataset and generate the result and from the result we can conclude which technique will be best for the attribute selection. 1. INTRODUCTION: As the world grows in complexity, overwhelming us with the data it generates, data mining becomes the only hope for elucidating the patterns that underlie it. The manual process of data analysis becomes tedious as size of data grows and the number of dimensions increases, so the process of data analysis needs to be computerised. The term Knowledge Discovery from data (KDD) refers to the automated process of knowledge discovery from databases. The process of KDD is comprised of many steps namely data cleaning, data integration, data selection, data transformation, data mining, pattern evaluation and knowledge representation. Data mining is a step in the whole process of knowledge discovery which can be explained as a process of extracting or mining knowledge from large amounts of data. Data mining is a form of knowledge discovery essential for solving problems in a specific domain. Data mining can also be explained as the non trivial process that automatically collects the useful hidd en information from the data and is taken on as forms of rule, concept, pattern and so on. The knowledge extracted from data mining, allows the user to find interesting patterns and regularities deeply buried in the data to help in the process of decision making. The data mining tasks can be broadly classified in two categories: descriptive and predictive. Descriptive mining tasks characterize the general properties of the data in the database. Predictive mining tasks perform inference on the current data in order to make predictions. According to different goals, the mining task can be mainly divided into four types: class/concept description, association analysis, classification or prediction and clustering analysis. 2. LITERATURE SURVEY: Data available for mining is raw data. Data may be in different formats as it comes from different sources, it may consist of noisy data, irrelevant attributes, missing data etc. Data needs to be pre processed before applying any kind of data mining algorithm which is done using following steps: Data Integration – If the data to be mined comes from several different sources data needs to be integrated which involves removing inconsistencies in names of attributes or attribute value names between data sets of different sources . Data Cleaning –This step may involve detecting and correcting errors in the data, filling in missing values, etc. Discretization –When the data mining algorithm cannot cope with continuous attributes, discretization needs to be applied. This step consists of transforming a continuous attribute into a categorical attribute, taking only a few discrete values. Discretization often improves the comprehensibility of the discovered knowledge. Attribute Selection – not all attributes are relevant so for selecting a subset of attributes relevant for mining, among all original attributes, attribute selection is required. A Decision Tree Classifier consists of a decision tree generated on the basis of instances. The decision tree has two types of nodes: a) the root and the internal nodes, b) the leaf nodes. The root and the internal nodes are associated with attributes, leaf nodes are associated with classes. Basically, each non-leaf node has an outgoing branch for each possible value of the attribute associated with the node. To determine the class for a new instance using a decision tree, beginning with the root, successive internal nodes are visited until a leaf node is reached. At the root node and at each internal node, a test is applied. The outcome of the test determines the branch traversed, and the next node visited. The class for the instance is the class of the final leaf node. 3. FEATURE SELECTION: Many irrelevant attributes may be present in data to be mined. So they need to be removed. Also many mining algorithms don’t perform well with large amounts of features or attributes. Therefore feature selection techniques needs to be applied before any kind of mining algorithm is applied. The main objectives of feature selection are to avoid overfitting and improve model performance and to provide faster and more cost-effective models. The selection of optimal features adds an extra layer of complexity in the modelling as instead of just finding optimal parameters for full set of features, first optimal feature subset is to be found and the model parameters are to be optimised. Attribute selection methods can be broadly divided into filter and wrapper approaches. In the filter approach the attribute selection method is independent of the data mining algorithm to be applied to the selected attributes and assess the relevance of features by looking only at the intrinsic propert ies of the data. In most cases a feature relevance score is calculated, and lowscoring features are removed. The subset of features left after feature removal is presented as input to the classification algorithm. Advantages of filter techniques are that they easily scale to highdimensional datasets are computationally simple and fast, and as the filter approach is independent of the mining algorithm so feature selection needs to be performed only once, and then different classifiers can be evaluated. 4. ROUGH SETS Any set of all indiscernible (similar) objects is called an elementary set. Any union of some elementary sets is referred to as a crisp or precise set otherwise the set is rough (imprecise, vague). Each rough set has boundary-line cases, i.e., objects which cannot be with certainty classified, by employing the available knowledge, as members of the set or its complement. Obviously rough sets, in contrast to precise sets, cannot be characterized in terms of information about their elements. With any rough set a pair of precise sets called the lower and the upper approximation of the rough set is associated. The lower approximation consists of all objects which surely belong to the set and the upper approximation contains all objects which possible belong to the set. The difference between the upper and the lower approximation constitutes the boundary region of the rough set. Rough set approach to data analysis has many important advantages like provides efficient algorithms for find ing hidden patterns in data, identifies relationships that would not be found using statistical methods, allows both qualitative and quantitative data, finds minimal sets of data (data reduction), evaluates significance of data, easy to understand. 5. ID3 DECISION TREE ALGORITHM: From the available data, using the different attribute values gives the dependent variable (target value) of a new sample by the predictive machine-learning called a decision tree. The attributes are denoted by the internal nodes of a decision tree; in the observed samples, the possible values of these attributes is shown by the branches between the nodes, the classification value (final) of the dependent variable is given by the terminal nodes. Here we are using this type of decision tree for large dataset of telecommunication industry. In the data set, the dependent variable is the attribute that have to be predicted, the values of all other attributes decides the dependent variable value and it is depends on it. The independent variable is the attribute, which predicts the values of the dependent variables. The simple algorithm is followed by this J48 Decision tree classifier. In the available data set using the attribute value, the decision tree is constructed for assort a new item. It describes the attribute that separates the various instances most clearly, whenever it finds a set of items (training set). The highest information gain is given by classifying the instances and the information about the data instances are represent by this feature. We can allot or predict the target value of the new instance by assuring all the respective attributes and their values. 6. J48 DECISION TREE TECHNIQUE: J48 is an open source Java implementation of the C4.5 algorithm in the Weka data mining tool. C4.5 is a program that creates a decision tree based on a set of labeled input data. This algorithm was developed by Ross Quinlan. The decision trees generated by C4.5 can be used for classification, and for this reason, C4.5 is often referred to as a statistical classifier (†C4.5 (J48)†. 7. IMPLEMENTATION MODEL: WEKA is a collection of machine learning algorithms for Data Mining tasks. It contains tools for data preprocessing, classification, regression, clustering, association rules, and visualization. For our purpose the classification tools were used. There was no preprocessing of the data. WEKA has four different modes to work in. Simple CLI; provides a simple command-line interface that allows direct execution of WEKA commands. Explorer; an environment for exploring data with WEKA. Experimenter; an environment for performing experiments and conduction of statistical tests between learning schemes. Knowledge Flow; presents a â€Å"data-flow† inspired interface to WEKA. The user can select WEKA components from a tool bar, place them on a layout canvas and connect them together in order to form a â€Å"knowledge flow† for processing and analyzing data. For most of the tests, which will be explained in more detail later, the explorer mode of WEKA is used. But because of the size of some data sets, there was not enough memory to run all the tests this way. Therefore the tests for the larger data sets were executed in the simple CLI mode to save working memory. 8. IMPLEMENTATION RESULT: The attributes that are selected by the Fuzzy Rough Subset Evaluation using Best First Search method and Information Gain Subset Evaluation using Ranker Method is as follows: 8.1 Fuzzy Rough Subset Using Best First Search Method === Attribute Selection on all input data === Search Method: Best first. Start set: no attributes Search direction: forward Stale search after 5 node expansions Total number of subsets evaluated: 90 Merit of best subset found: 1 Attribute Subset Evaluator (supervised, Class (nominal): 14 class): Fuzzy rough feature selection Method: Weak gamma Similarity measure: max(min( (a(y)-(a(x)-sigma_a)) / (a(x)-(a(x)-sigma_a)),((a(x)+sigma_a)-a(y)) / ((a(x)+sigma_a)-a(x)) , 0). Decision similarity: Equivalence Implicator: Lukasiewicz T-Norm: Lukasiewicz Relation composition: Lukasiewicz (S-Norm: Lukasiewicz) Dataset consistency: 1.0 Selected attributes: 1,3,4,5,8,10,12 : 7 0 2 3 4 7 9 11 8.2 Info Gain Subset Evaluation Using Ranker Search Method: === Attribute Selection on all input data === Search Method: Attribute ranking. Attribute Evaluator (supervised, Class (nominal): 14 class): Information Gain Ranking Filter Ranked attributes: 0.208556 13 12 0.192202 3 2 0.175278 12 11 0.129915 9 8 0.12028 8 7 0.119648 10 9 0.111153 11 10 0.066896 2 1 0.056726 1 0 0.024152 7 6 0.000193 6 5 0 4 3 0 5 4 Selected attributes: 13,3,12,9,8,10,11,2,1,7,6,4,5 : 13 8.2 ID3 Classification Result for 14 Attributes: Correctly Classified Instances 266 98.5185 % Incorrectly Classified Instances 4 1.4815 % Kappa statistic 0.9699 Mean absolute error 0.0183 Root mean squared error 0.0956 Relative absolute error 3.6997 % Root relative squared error 19.2354 % Coverage of cases (0.95 level) 100 % Mean rel. region size (0.95 level) 52.2222 % Total Number of Instances 270 8.3 J48 Classification Result for 14 Attributes: Correctly Classified Instances 239 88.5185 % Incorrectly Classified Instances 31 11.4815 % Kappa statistic 0.7653 Mean absolute error 0.1908 Root mean squared error 0.3088 Relative absolute error 38.6242 % Root relative squared error 62.1512 % Coverage of cases (0.95 level) 100 % Mean rel. region size (0.95 level) 92.2222 % Total Number of Instances 270 8.4 ID3 Classification Result for selected Attributes using Fuzzy Rough Subset Evaluation: Correctly Classified Instances 270 100 % Incorrectly Classified Instances 0 0 % Kappa statistic 1 Mean absolute error 0 Root mean squared error 0 Relative absolute error 0 % Root relative squared error 0 % Coverage of cases (0.95 level) 100 % Mean rel. region size (0.95 level) 25 % Total Number of Instances 270 8.5 J48 Classification Result for selected Attributes using Fuzzy Rough Subset Evaluation: Correctly Classified Instances 160 59.2593 % Incorrectly Classified Instances 110 40.7407 % Kappa statistic 0 Mean absolute error 0.2914 Root mean squared error 0.3817 Relative absolute error 99.5829 % Root relative squared error 99.9969 % Coverage of cases (0.95 level) 100 % Mean rel. region size (0.95 level) 100 % Total Number of Instances 270 8.6 ID3 Classification Result for Information Gain Subset Evaluation Using Ranker Method: Correctly Classified Instances 270 100 % Incorrectly Classified Instances 0 0 % Kappa statistic 1 Mean absolute error 0 Root mean squared error 0 Relative absolute error 0 % Root relative squared error 0 % Coverage of cases (0.95 level) 100 % Mean rel. region size (0.95 level) 33.3333 % Total Number of Instances 270 8.7 J48 Classification Result for Information Gain Subset Evaluation Using Ranker Method: Correctly Classified Instances 165 61.1111 % Incorrectly Classified Instances 105 38.8889 % Kappa statistic 0.3025 Mean absolute error 0.31 Root mean squared error 0.3937 Relative absolute error 87.1586 % Root relative squared error 93.4871 % Coverage of cases (0.95 level) 100 % Mean rel. region size (0.95 level) 89.2593 % Total Number of Instances 270 CONCLUSION: In this paper, from the above implementation result the Fuzzy Rough Subsets Evaluation is gives the selected attributes in less amount than the Info Gain Subset Evaluation and J48 decision tree classification techniques gives the approximate error rate using Fuzzy Rough Subsets Evaluation for the given data set than the ID3 decision tree techniques for both evaluation techniques. So finally for selecting the attributes fuzzy techniques gives the better result using Best First Search method and J48 classification method.